## Tag: operator algebras

### Course announcement: “Topics in Functional Analysis 106433 – Introduction to Operator Algebras”

My sabbatical is nearing its end and I starting to get used to the idea of getting back to teaching. Luckily (or is it really just luck?) I am going to have a very smooth return to teaching, because this coming fall I will be teaching a topics course of my choice, and it is going to be an introduction to operator algebras (the official course title and number are above). To be honest, the idea is to give the optimal course for students who will work with me, but I believe that other students will also enjoy it and find it useful. I will probably use this blog to post material and notes.

Here is the content of the info page that I will be distributing:

Topics in Functional Analysis 106433

Winter 2021

Introduction to Operator Algebras

Lecturer: Orr Shalit (oshalit@technion.ac.il, Amado 709)

Credit points: 3

Summary: The theory of operator algebras is one of the richest and broadest research areas within contemporary functional analysis, having deep connections to every subject in mathematics. In fact, this topic is so huge that the research splits into several distinct branches: C*-algebras, von Neumann algebras, non-selfadjoint operator algebras, and others. Our goal in this course is to master the basics of the subject matter, get a taste of the material in every branch, and develop a high-level understanding of operator algebras.

The plan is to study the following topics:

1. Banach algebras and the basics of C*-algebras.
2. Commutative C*-algebras. Function algebras.
3. The basic theory of von Neumann algebras.
4. Representations of C*-algebras. GNS representation. Algebras of compact operators.
5. Introduction to operator spaces, non-selfadjoint operator algebras, and completely bounded maps.
6. Time permitting, we will learn some additional advanced topics (to be decided according to the students’ and the instructor’s interests). Possible topics:
1. C*-algebras and von Neumann algebras associated with discrete groups.
1. Nuclearity, tensor products and approximation techniques.
1. Arveson’s theory of the C*-envelope and hyperrigidity.
1. Hilbert C*-modules.

Prerequisites: I will assume that the students have taken (or are taking concurrently) the graduate course in functional analysis. Exceptional students, who are interested in this course but did not take Functional Analysis, should talk to the instructor before enrolling.

The grade: The grade will be based on written assignments, that will be presented and defended by the students.

References:

The following are good general references, though we shall not follow any of them very closely (at most a chapter here or there).

1. Orr Shalit’s lecture notes.
2. K.R. Davidson, “C*-Algebras by Example”.
3. R.V. Kadison and J. Ringrose, “Fundamentals of the Theory of Operator Algebras”.
4. C. Anantharaman and S. Popa, “An Introduction to II_1 Factors”.
5. N.P. Brown and N. Ozawa, “C*-Algebras and Finite Dimensional Approximations”
6. V. Paulsen, “Completely Bounded Maps and Operator Algebras”.

### Seminar talk by Hartz: How can you compute the multiplier norm?

Happy new year!

Next Thursday, January 7th, 2021, Michael Hartz will speak in our Operator Algebras and Operator Theory seminar.

Title: How can you compute the multiplier norm?

Time: 15:30-16:30

Abstract:

Multipliers of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces arise in various contexts in operator theory and complex analysis. A basic example is the Hardy space $H^2$, whose multiplier algebra is $H^\infty$, the algebra of bounded holomorphic functions. In particular, the norm of a multiplier on $H^2$ is the pointwise supremum norm.

For general reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces, the multiplier norm can be computed by testing positivity of $n \times n$ matrices analogous to the classical Pick matrix. For $H^2$, $n=1$ suffices. I will talk about when it suffices to consider matrices of bounded size $n$. Moreover, I will explain how this problem is related to subhomogeneity of operator algebras.

This is joint work with Alexandru Aleman, John McCarthy and Stefan Richter

### Souvenirs from the Red River

Last week I attended the annual Canadian Operator Symposium, better known in its nickname: COSY. This conference happens every year and travels between Canadian universities, and this time it was held in the University of Manitoba, in Winnipeg. It was organized by Raphaël Clouâtre and Nina Zorboska, who altogether did a great job.

My first discovery: Winnipeg is not that bad! In fact I loved it. Example: here is the view from the window of my room in the university residence:

Not bad, right? A very beautiful sight to wake up to in the morning. (I got the impression, that Winnipeg is nothing to look forward to, from Canadians. People of the world: don’t listen to Canadians when they say something bad about any place that just doesn’t quite live up to the standard of Montreal, Vancouver, or Banff.) Here is what you see if you look from the other side of the building:

The conference was very broad and diverse in subjects, as it brings together people working in Operator Theory as well as in Operator Algebras (and neither of these fields is very well defined or compact). I have mixed feelings about mixed conferences. But since I haven’t really decided what I myself want to be working on when I grow up, I think they work for me.

I was invited to give a series of three talks that I devoted to noncommutative function theory and noncommutative convexity. My second talk was about my joint work with Guy Salomon and Eli Shamovich on the isomorphism problem for algebras of bounded nc functions on nc varieties, which we, incidentally, posted on the arxiv on the day that the conference began. May I invite you to read the introduction to that paper? (if you like it, also take a look at the previous post).

On this page you can find the schedule, abstract, and the slides of most of the talks, including mine. Some of the best talks were (as it happens so often) whiteboard talks, so you won’t find them there. For example, the beautiful series by Aaron Tikuisis was given like that and now it is gone (George Elliott remarked that a survey of the advances Tikuisis describes would be very desirable, and I agree).

#### 1. The “resolution” of Elliott’s conjecture

Aaron Tikuisis gave a beautiful series of talks on the rather recent developments in the classification theory of separable-unital-nuclear-simple C*-algebras (henceforth SUNS C*-algebras, the algebra is also assumed infinite dimensional, but let’s make that a standing hypothesis instead of complicating the acronym). I think it is fair to evaluate his series of talks as the most important talk(s) in this conference. In my opinion the work (due to many mathematicians, including himself) that Tikuisis presented can be described as the resolution of the Elliott conjecture; I am sure that some people will disagree with the last statement, including George Elliott himself.

Given a SUNS C*-algebra $A$, one defines its Elliott invariant, $E\ell \ell(A)$, to be the K-theory of $A$, together with some additional data: the image of the unit of $A$ in $K_0(A)$, the space of traces $T(A)$ of $A$, and the pairing between the traces and K-theory. It is clear, once one knows a little K-theory, that if $A$ and $B$ are isomorphic C*-algebras, then their Elliott invariants are isomorphic, in the sense that $K_i(A)$ is isomorphic to $K_i(B)$ for $i=0,1$ (in a unit preserving way), and that $T(A)$ is affinely homeomorphic with $T(B)$ in a way that preserves the pairing with the K-groups. Thus, if two C*-algebras are known to have a different K-group, or a different Elliott invariant, then these C*-algebras are not isomorphic. This observation was used to classify AF algebras and irrational rotation algebras (speaking of which, I cannot help but recommend my friend Claude Schochet’s recent “Notice’s” article on the irrational rotation algebras).

In the 1990s, George Elliott made the conjecture that two SUNS C*-algebras are *-isomorphic if and only if $E \ell \ell (A) \cong E \ell \ell (B)$. This conjecture became one of the most important open problems in the theory of operator algebras, and arguably THE most important open problem in C*-algebras. Dozens of people worked on it. There were many classes of C*-algebras that were shown to be classifiable – meaning that they satisfy the Elliott conjecture – but eventually this conjecture was shown to be false in 2002 by Rordam, who built on earlier work by Villadsen.

Now, what does the community do when a conjecture turns out to be false? There are basically four things to do:

1. Work on something else.
2. Start classifying “clouds” of C*-algebras, for example, show that crossed products of a certain type are classifiable within this family (i.e. two algebras within a specified class are isomorphic iff their Elliott invariants are), etc.
3. Make the class of algebras you are trying to classify smaller, i.e., add assumptions.
4. Make the invariant bigger. For example, $K_0(A)$ is not enough, so people used $K_1(A)$. When that turned out to be not enough, people started looking at traces. So if the current invariant is not enough, maybe add more things, the natural candidate (I am told) being the “Cuntz Semigroup”.

The choice of what to do is a matter of personal taste, point of view, and also ability. George Elliott has made the point that choosing 4 requires one to develop new techniques, whereas choosing 3 is kind of focused around the techniques, making the class of C*-algebras smaller until the currently known techniques can tackle them.

Elliott’s objections notwithstanding, the impression that I got from the lecture series was that most main forces in the field agreed that following the third adaptation above was the way to go. That is, they tried to prove the conjecture for a slightly more restricted class of algebras than SUNS. Over the past 15 years or so (or a bit more), they identified an additional condition – let’s call it Condition Z – that, once added to the standard SUNS assumptions, allows classification. And it’s not that adding the additional assumptions made things really easy, it only made the proof possible – still it took first class work to even identify what assumption needs to be added, and more work to prove that with this additional assumptions the conjecture holds. They proved:

Theorem (lot’s of people): If $A$ and $B$ are infinite dimensional SUNS C*-algebras, which satisfy the Universal Coefficient Theorem and an additional condition Z, then $E\ell \ell (A) \cong E \ell \ell (B)$ if and only if $A \cong B$.

I consider this as the best possible resolution of the Elliott conjecture possible, given that it is false!

A major part of Aaron’s talks was to explain to us what this additional condition Z is. (What the Universal Coefficient Theorem though, was not explained and, if I understand correctly, it is in fact not known whether this doesn’t follow immediately for such algebras). In fact, there are two conditions that one can take for “condition Z”: (i) Finite nuclear dimension, and (ii) Z-stability. The notion of nuclear dimension corresponds to the regular notion of dimension (of the spectrum) in the commutative case. Z-stability means that the algebra in question absorbs the Jiang-Su algebra under tensor products in a very strong sense. Following a very long tradition in talks about the Jiang-Su algebra – Aaron did not define the Jiang-Su algebra. This is not so bad, since he did explain in detail what finite nuclear dimension means, and said that Z-stability and finite nuclear dimension are equivalent for infinite dimensional C*-algebras (this is the Toms-Winter conjecture).

What was very nice about Aaron’s series of talks was that he gave von Neumann algebraic analogues of the theorems, conditions, and results, and explained how the C*-algebra people got concrete inspiration from the corresponding results and proofs in von Neumann algebras. In particular he showed the parallels to Connes’s theorem that every injective type $II_1$ factor with separable predual is isomorphic to the hyperfinite $II_1$ factor. He made the point that separable predual in the von Neumann algebra world corresponds to separability for C*-algebras, hyperfiniteness corresponds to finite nuclear dimension, and factor corresponds to a simple C*-algebra. He then sketched the lines of the proof of the part of Connes’s theorem that says that injectivity of a $II_1$ factor $M$ implies hyper-finiteness of $M$ (which by Murray and von Neumann’s work implies  that $M$ is the hyperfinite $II_1$ factor). After that he repeated a similar sketch for the proof that $Z$-stability implies finite nuclear dimension.

This lecture series was very inspiring and I think that the organizers made an excellent choice inviting Tikuisiss to give this lecture series.

#### 2. Residually finite operator algebras and a new trick

Christopher Ramsey gave a short talk on “residually finite dimensional (RFD) operator algebras”. This talk is based on the paper that Chris and Raphael Clouatre recently posted on the arxiv. The authors take the notion of residual finite dimensional, which is quite well studied and understood in the case of C*-algebras, and develop it in the setting of nonselfadjoint operator algebras. It is worth noting that even a finite dimensional nonselfadjoint operator algebra might fail to be representable as a subalgebra of a matrix algebra. So it is worth specifying that an operator algebra is said to be RFD if it can be completely isometrically embedded in a direct sum of matrix algebras (and so it is not immediate that a finite dimensional algebra is RFD, though they prove that it is).

What I want to share here is a neat and simple observation that Chris and Raphael made, which seemed to have been overlooked by the community.

When we study operator algebras, there are several natural relations by which to classify them: completely isometric isomorphism, unitary equivalence, completely bounded isomorphism, and similarity. Clearly, unitary equivalence implies completely isometric isomorphism, and similarity implies completely bounded isomorphism. The converses do not hold. However, in practice, many times (for example in my recent paper with Guy and Eli) operator algebras are shown to be completely boundedly isomorphic by exhibiting a similarity between them. That happens because we are many times interested in the “multiplicity free case”.

[Added in June 11, following Yemon’s comment: We say that $A \subset B(H)$ is similar to $B \subseteq B(K)$ if there is an invertible $T \in B(H,K)$ such that $A = T^{-1}BT$. Likewise, two maps $\rho : A \to B(H)$ and $\phi: A \to B(K)$ are said to be similar if there is an invertible $T \in B(H,K)$ such that $\rho(a) = T^{-1} \phi(a) T$ for all $a \in A$. Paulsen’s theorem says that if $\rho : A \to B(H)$ is a completely bounded representation then it is similar to a completely contractive representation $\phi : A \to B(H)$. ]

Raphael and Chris observed that, in fact, completely bounded isomorphism is the same as similarity, modulo completely isometric isomorphisms. To be precise, they proved:

Theorem (the Clouatre-Ramsey trick): If $A$ and $B$ are completely boundedly isomorphic, then $A$ and $B$ are both completely isometrically isomorphic to algebras that are similar.

Proof: Suppose that $A \subseteq B(H)$ and $B \subseteq B(K)$. Let $\phi : A \to B$ be a c.b. isomorphism. By Paulsen’s theorem, $\phi$ is similar to a completely contractive isomorphism $\psi$. So we get that the map

$a \mapsto a \oplus \psi(a) \mapsto a \oplus \phi(a) \in B(H) \oplus B(K)$

decomposes as a product of a complete isometry and a similarity. Likewise, the completely bounded isomorphism $\phi^{-1}$ is similar to a complete contraction $\rho$, and we have that

$\phi^{-1}(b) \oplus b \mapsto \rho(b) \oplus b \mapsto b$

decomposes as the product of a similarity and a complete isometry. Since the composition of all these maps is $\phi$, the proof is complete.

### “Guided” and “quantised” dynamical systems

Evegenios Kakariadis and I have recently posted our paper “On operator algebras associated with monomial ideals in noncommuting variables” on the arxiv. The subject of the paper is several operator algebras (at the outset, there are seven algebras, but later we prove that some are isomorphic to others) that one can associate with each monomial ideal, in such a way that these algebras encode various aspects of the relations defining the ideal.

I refer you to the abstract and intro of that paper for more information about we do there. In this post I would like to discuss at some length an issue that came up writing the paper, and the paper itself was not an appropriate place to have this discussion.

### The isomorphism problem: update

Ken Davidson, Chris Ramsey and I recently uploaded a new version of our paper “Operator algebras for analytic varieties” to the arxiv. This is the second paper that was affected by a discovery of a mistake in the literature, which I told about in the previous post. Luckily, we were able to save all the results in that paper, but had to work a a little harder than what we thought was needed in our earlier version. The isomorphism problem for complete Pick algebras (which I like to call simply “the isomorphism problem”) has been one of my favorite problems during the last five years. I wrote four papers on this problem, with five co-authors. I want to give a short road-map to my work on this problem. Before I do so, here is  link to the talk that I will give in IWOTA 2014 about this stuff. I think (hope) this talk is a good introduction to the subject. The problem is about the classification of a large class of non-selfadjoint operator algebras – multiplier algebras of complete Pick spaces – which can also be realized as certain algebras of functions on analytic varieties. These algebras all have the form

$M_V = Mult(H^2_d)\big|_V$

where $V$ is a subvariety of the unit ball and $Mult(H^2_d)$  denotes the multiplier algebra of Drury-Arveson space (see this survey), and therefore $M_V$ is the space of all restrictions of multipliers to $V$. The hope is to show that the geometry of the variety $V$ is a complete invariant for the algebras $M_V$, in various senses that will be made precise below.